Towards sustainable development of microalgal biosorption for treating effluents containing heavy metals

Salam, Kamoru A.

doi:10.18331/BRJ2019.6.2.2

Towards sustainable development of microalgal biosorption for treating effluents containing heavy metals

Document Type: Review Paper

Author

Kamoru A. Salam

Department of Chemical Engineering. Faculty of Engineering, University of Abuja, P.M.B. 117, Airport Road, main campus, FCT, Abuja, Nigeria.

10.18331/BRJ2019.6.2.2

Abstract

Effluents containing heavy metals are hazardous to human health and the environment even at low concentrations. It is costly and unsustainable to use conventional methods to remove heavy metals from dilute effluents. Microalgal biomass owing to its high metal biosorption capacity, is a promising alternative biosorbent for treating dilute heavy metal solutions. However, the application of freely suspended algal biomass for metal removal has a number of drawbacks such as small particle size, low chemical resistance, low mechanical strength, and difficulty in separation of biomass and effluent. The present article reviews the techniques used to address these drawbacks. It also discusses the key factors affecting biosorption efficiency including initial concentration of metal ions, contact time, solution pH, solution temperature, biosorbent concentration, agitation rate, and competing ions. Biomass cross-linking with appropriate agents such as polysolfane, formaldehyde, or chlorohydrin could improve mechanical strength, chemical resistance, and separation of the biomass from the effluent. However, cross-linked biomass usually shows low sorption capacity and slow rate of metal uptake. These disadvantages could be minimized by using physical and/or chemical pretreatments prior to biomass cross-linking. Alkaline detergent, sodium hydrogen carbonate without autoclaving, sodium hydroxide or sodium carbonate plus autoclaving, or supercritical carbon dioxide at mild conditions are among the most effective pretreatments. Apart from liberating more latent metal binding sites on the biomass, supercritical CO₂ could also improve the porosity of the biomass thereby improving sorption rate of the cross-linked biomass. High sorption capacity and rapid metal uptake will allow substantial reduction in size of biosorption columns, which will consequently improve the economic and sustainability features of algal-based metal biosorption processes.

Graphical Abstract

Highlights

Biosorbents for heavy metals removal were reviewed.

Microalgae show promising biosorption capacity.

Microalgae need to be cross-linked for effective biosorption.

Biomass pretreament prior to cross-linking could improve sorption capacity and rate.

Keywords

Full Text

On the cover

Despite the high biosorption capacity of microalgae, freely suspended microalgae is not attractive because of a number of disadvantages, i.e., small particle size, low chemical resistance, low mechanical strength, and difficulty in separation of biomass from the treated effluent. However, these shortcomings can be addressed by using immobilized microalgae in a biosorption packed bed. In this issue of Biofuel Research Journal, Dr. Kamoru A. Salam comprehensively reviews the essentials of microalgal biosorption for treating effluents containing heavy metals. He presents and critically discusses the different immobilization techniques used to enhance this process with a focus on cross-linking as the most promising approach. The author emphasizes that an ideal microalgal biosorbent should exhibit high sorption capacity, rapid sorption rate, good mechanical stability, high chemical resistance, easy separability, and reusability to ensure a cost effective and sustainable biosorption process. Cover art by BiofuelResJ.

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