Alpha Creation Enterprise
Biofuel Research Journal
2292-8782
8
4
2021
12
01
A review on the effects of ethanol/gasoline fuel blends on NOX emissions in spark-ignition engines
1465
1480
EN
Paolo
Iodice
0000-0002-8660-7430
Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Claudio 21, 80125 Napoli, Italy.
paolo.iodice@unina.it
Amedeo
Amoresano
Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Claudio 21, 80125 Napoli, Italy.
amoresan@unina.it
Giuseppe
Langella
Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Claudio 21, 80125 Napoli, Italy.
giulange@unina.it
10.18331/BRJ2021.8.4.2
Ethanol can be used as an alternative fuel for spark-ignition (SI) engines to increase the octane number and oxygen content of ethanol/gasoline blends, thereby reducing dependence on fossil fuels and the exhaust emissions of incomplete combustion products. Although it is widely agreed that ethanol can reduce CO and HC exhaust emissions, the literature on ethanol and NO<sub>X</sub> emissions is far from conclusive; hence there is a need for an in-depth, updated review of ethanol/gasoline blends in SI engines and the relative production of NO<sub>X</sub> emissions. In light of that, the present work aims to provide a comprehensive literature review on the current state of ethanol combustion in SI engines to shed definitive light on the potential changes in NO<sub>X</sub> emissions under various operating conditions. The first part of this paper discusses the feasibility of ethanol as an alternative transportation fuel, including world production and ethanol production processes. The physicochemical properties of ethanol and gasoline are then compared to analyze their effects on combustion efficiency and exhaust emissions. Then, the pathways of NO<sub>X</sub> formation inside the cylinder of SI engines are discussed in depth. Finally, we review and critically discuss the effects of ethanol concentration in blends and different engine parameters on NO<sub>X</sub> formation.
Renewable Energy,Nitrogen Oxides,Ethanol/gasoline blends,SI Engines,Combustion
https://www.biofueljournal.com/article_140766.html
https://www.biofueljournal.com/article_140766_cab18af00f687c6d6d21d195ae6a19cc.pdf
Alpha Creation Enterprise
Biofuel Research Journal
2292-8782
8
4
2021
12
01
Modeling of thermochemical conversion of waste biomass – a comprehensive review
1481
1528
EN
Sinhara
M.H.D.
Perera
0000-0002-0202-4626
Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Moratuwa, Moratuwa 10400, Sri Lanka.
159261r@uom.lk
Chathuranga
Wickramasinghe
0000-0003-2499-4559
Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Moratuwa, Moratuwa 10400, Sri Lanka.
178034k@uom.lk
B.K.T.
Samarasiri
0000-0003-1501-6745
Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Moratuwa, Moratuwa 10400, Sri Lanka.
mr.kasun.samarasiri@ieee.org
Mahinsasa
Narayana
0000-0003-3431-6073
Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Moratuwa, Moratuwa 10400, Sri Lanka.
mahinsasa@uom.lk
10.18331/BRJ2021.8.4.3
Thermochemical processes, which include pyrolysis, torrefaction, gasification, combustion, and hydrothermal conversions, are perceived to be more efficient in converting waste biomass to energy and value-added products than biochemical processes. From the chemical point of view, thermochemical processes are highly complex and sensitive to numerous physicochemical properties, thus making reactor and process modeling more challenging. Nevertheless, the successful commercialization of these processes is contingent upon optimized reactor and process designs, which can be effectively achieved <em>via</em> modeling and simulation. Models of various scales with numerous simplifying assumptions have been developed for specific applications of thermochemical conversion of waste biomass. However, there is a research gap that needs to be explored to elaborate the scale of applicability, limitations, accuracy, validity, and special features of each model. This review study investigates all above mentioned important aspects and features of the existing models for all established industrial thermochemical conversion processes with emphasis on waste biomass, thus addressing the research gap mentioned above and presenting commercial-scale applicability in terms of reactor designing, process control and optimization, and potential ways to upgrade existing models for higher accuracy.
Modeling,waste biomass,Hydrothermal conversion,Pyrolysis,Torrefaction,gasification
https://www.biofueljournal.com/article_140769.html
https://www.biofueljournal.com/article_140769_ed094375d58a4b768c17b026c167502d.pdf
Alpha Creation Enterprise
Biofuel Research Journal
2292-8782
8
4
2021
12
01
Yeast cell factories for sustainable whey-to-ethanol valorisation towards a circular economy
1529
1549
EN
Patrícia
Carvalho
Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal.
patriciacarvalhof94@gmail.com
Carlos
E.
Costa
0000-0001-6842-8511
Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal.
carlos.costa@ceb.uminho.pt
Sara
L.
Baptista
0000-0002-7921-3628
Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal.
sara.baptista@ceb.uminho.pt
Lucília
Domingues
0000-0003-1089-7627
Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal.
luciliad@deb.uminho.pt
10.18331/BRJ2021.8.4.4
Cheese whey is the major by-product of the dairy industry, and its disposal constitutes an environmental concern. The production of cheese whey has been increasing, with 190 million tonnes per year being produced nowadays. Therefore, it is emergent to consider different routes for cheese whey utilization. The great nutritional value of cheese whey turns it into an attractive substrate for biotechnological applications. Currently, cheese whey processing includes a protein fractionating step that originates the permeate, a lactose-reach stream further used for valorisation. In the last decades, yeast fermentation has brought several advances to the search for biorefinery alternatives. From the plethora of value-added products that can be obtained from cheese whey, ethanol is the most extensively explored since it is the alternative biofuel most used worldwide. Thus, this review focuses on the different strategies for ethanol production from cheese whey using yeasts as promising biological systems, including its integration in lignocellulosic biorefineries. These valorisation routes encompass the improvement of the fermentation process as well as metabolic engineering techniques for the introduction of heterologous pathways, resorting mainly to <em>Kluyveromyces</em> sp. and <em>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</em> strains. The solutions and challenges of the several strategies will be unveiled and explored in this review.
Cheese whey,Yeast fermentation,Metabolic engineering,Ethanol,Renewable carbon sources
https://www.biofueljournal.com/article_140774.html
https://www.biofueljournal.com/article_140774_413c442f7d05d02c19526525c27e8874.pdf
Alpha Creation Enterprise
Biofuel Research Journal
2292-8782
8
4
2021
12
01
Corrigendum to "A comparative evaluation of design factors on bubble column operation in photosynthetic biogas upgrading" [Biofuel Res J 8(2) (2021) 1351-1373]
1550
1550
EN
Archishman
Bose
Environmental Research Institute, MaREI Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
archishman.bose@ucc.ie
Richard
O’Shea
Environmental Research Institute, MaREI Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
richard.oshea@ucc.ie
Richen
Lin
Environmental Research Institute, MaREI Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
richen.lin@ucc.ie
Jerry
D.
Murphy
Environmental Research Institute, MaREI Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
jerry.murphy@ucc.ie
10.18331/BRJ2021.8.4.5
https://www.biofueljournal.com/article_140775.html
https://www.biofueljournal.com/article_140775_f1646cbb84dea90210e18ebd6612f7e7.pdf