Biofuel Research Journal

Biofuel Research Journal

A review on the role of hierarchical zeolites in the production of transportation fuels through catalytic fast pyrolysis of biomass

Document Type : Review Paper

Authors
Salman Soltanian 1, 2
Chern Leing Lee 2
Su Shiung Lam 1
1 Pyrolysis Technology Research Group, Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries (AKUATROP), Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia.
2 Chemical Engineering Discipline, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia.
10.18331/BRJ2020.7.3.5
Abstract
Design of highly active catalysts plays a critical role in catalytic fast pyrolysis (CFP) of lignocellulosic biomass. Advanced catalysts can improve the deoxygenation rate of pyrolysis vapors and boost the production of fuel precursors. Zeolites are suitable frameworks for catalyzing pyrolysis vapors into species of transportation fuel value. However, their nano-sized structure limits the diffusion of reactants into pores and over active sites. Consequently, the aggregation of large molecules outside micropores leads to a massive coke formation, blocking pore channels, and thus, preventing the accessibility to acid sites. This could cause quick deactivation and instability of the catalyst, necessitating frequent catalyst regeneration and replenishment. Hierarchical micro/mesopore-structured zeolites are promising candidates to cope with the mentioned challenges. In addition to their adjusted pore structure and increased accessibility of acid sites, the formation of mesoporosity in zeolites provides an adequate room for the deposition of additional active phases such as metal nanoparticles, further boosting the catalytic activity. Different strategies used for preparing hierarchical zeolites can tremendously alter their attributes, and consequently affect product selectivity during CFP of biomass. Focusing on the precursors of transportation fuels (i.e., aromatic hydrocarbons and olefins), the present paper critically reviews the impacts of methods used for synthesizing hierarchical zeolite, on CFP of bio-based feedstocks. Moreover, the role of metal addition to hierarchical zeolites in biomass catalytic pyrolysis is also discussed briefly. Among the different synthesis techniques, desilication treatment using alkaline solutions is the most promising owing to its simplicity, high productivity, and scalability. In terms of product selectivity, the addition of Ga species to hierarchical zeolites can increase aromatic hydrocarbons while Ce incorporation can increase the yield of valuable oxygenates such as furan. Despite the advantages of mono-metallic hierarchical zeolites in producing cherished chemicals, future studies should scrutinize the influence of bi-metallic hierarchical zeolites in bio-based CFP processes.

Graphical Abstract

A review on the role of hierarchical zeolites in the production of transportation fuels through catalytic fast pyrolysis of biomass

Highlights

  • Impacts of different synthesis strategies of hierarchical zeolites on catalytic pyrolysis of bio-based materials are scrutinized.
  • Desilication by 0.3 M NaOH solution is regarded as most suitable procedure for synthesizing hierarchical zeolites.
  • Role of metal-modified hierarchical zeolites on catalytic pyrolysis of biomass is reviewed.
  • Main products of bio-based CFP process over different nonmetallic/metallic hierarchical zeolites are compared to those of parent zeolites.

Keywords
Catalytic fast pyrolysis
Hierarchical mesoporous zeolites
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Olefins
Desilication treatment
Metal addition
[1] Abdullah, B., Muhammad, S.A.F.a.S., Shokravi, Z., Ismail, S., Kassim, K.A., Mahmood, A.N., Aziz, M.M.A., 2019. Fourth generation biofuel: A review on risks and mitigation strategies. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 107, 37-50.
[2] Aghbashlo, M., Tabatabaei, M., Nadian, M.H., Davoodnia, V., Soltanian, S., 2019. Prognostication of lignocellulosic biomass pyrolysis behavior using ANFIS model tuned by PSO algorithm. Fuel 253, 189-198.
[3] Álvarez-Chávez, B.J., Godbout, S., Le Roux, É., Palacios, J.H., Raghavan, V., 2019. Bio-oil yield and quality enhancement through fast pyrolysis and fractional condensation concepts. Biofuel Res. J. 6(4), 1054-1064.
[4] Bertero, M., Sedran, U., 2016. Immediate catalytic upgrading of soybean shell bio-oil. Energy 94, 171-179.
[5] Bi, Y., Lei, X., Xu, G., Chen, H., Hu, J., 2018. Catalytic fast pyrolysis of kraft lignin over hierarchical HZSM-5 and Hβ zeolites. Catalysts 8(2), 82.
[6] Bu, L., Nimlos, M.R., Robichaud, D.J., Kim, S., 2018. Diffusion of aromatic hydrocarbons in hierarchical mesoporous H-ZSM-5 zeolite. Catal. Today 312, 73-81.
[7] Chang, C.-C., Teixeira, A.R., Li, C., Dauenhauer, P.J., Fan, W., 2013. Enhanced molecular transport in hierarchical silicalite-1. Langmuir 29(45), 13943-13950.
[8] Chen, H., Cheng, H., Zhou, F., Chen, K., Qiao, K., Lu, X., Ouyang, P., Fu, J., 2018a. Catalytic fast pyrolysis of rice straw to aromatic compounds over hierarchical HZSM-5 produced by alkali treatment and metal-modification. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis 131, 76-84.
[9] Chen, H., Shi, X., Zhou, F., Ma, H., Qiao, K., Lu, X., Fu, J., Huang, H., 2018b. Catalytic fast pyrolysis of cellulose to aromatics over hierarchical nanocrystalline ZSM-5 zeolites prepared using sucrose as a template. Catal. Commun. 110, 102-105.
[10] Chen, H., Wang, Q., Zhang, X., Wang, L., 2014. Hydroconversion of jatropha oil to alternative fuel over hierarchical ZSM-5. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 53(51), 19916-19924.
[11] Chen, H., Wydra, J., Zhang, X., Lee, P.-S., Wang, Z., Fan, W., Tsapatsis, M., 2011. Hydrothermal synthesis of zeolites with three-dimensionally ordered mesoporous-imprinted structure. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 133(32), 12390-12393.
[12] Cheng, Y.T., Jae, J., Shi, J., Fan, W., Huber, G.W., 2012. Production of renewable aromatic compounds by catalytic fast pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass with bifunctional Ga/ZSM‐5 catalysts. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 51(6), 1387-1390.
[13] Dai, G., Wang, S., Zou, Q., Huang, S., 2018. Improvement of aromatics production from catalytic pyrolysis of cellulose over metal-modified hierarchical HZSM-5. Fuel Process. Technol. 179, 319-323.
[14] Dai, L., Wang, Y., Liu, Y., Ruan, R., Duan, D., Zhao, Y., Yu, Z., Jiang, L., 2019. Catalytic fast pyrolysis of torrefied corn cob to aromatic hydrocarbons over Ni-modified hierarchical ZSM-5 catalyst. Bioresour. Technol. 272, 407-414.
[15] Dickerson, T., Soria, J., 2013. Catalytic fast pyrolysis: a review. Energies 6(1), 514-538.
[16] Ding, K., Zhong, Z., Wang, J., Zhang, B., Addy, M., Ruan, R., 2017. Effects of alkali-treated hierarchical HZSM-5 zeolites on the production of aromatic hydrocarbons from catalytic fast pyrolysis of waste cardboard. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis 125, 153-161.
[17] Escola, J., Aguado, J., Serrano, D., Briones, L., Díaz de Tuesta, J., Calvo, R., Fernandez, E., 2012. Conversion of polyethylene into transportation fuels by the combination of thermal cracking and catalytic hydroreforming over Ni-supported hierarchical beta zeolite. Energ. Fuel. 26(6), 3187-3195.
[18] Escola, J., Aguado, J., Serrano, D., García, A., Peral, A., Briones, L., Calvo, R., Fernandez, E., 2011. Catalytic hydroreforming of the polyethylene thermal cracking oil over Ni supported hierarchical zeolites and mesostructured aluminosilicates. Appl. Catal. B-Environ. 106(3-4), 405-415.
[19] Feliczak-Guzik, A., 2018. Hierarchical zeolites: Synthesis and catalytic properties. Microporous Mesoporous Mater. 259, 33-45.
[20] Groen, J.C., Jansen, J.C., Moulijn, J.A., Pérez-Ramírez, J., 2004. Optimal aluminum-assisted mesoporosity development in MFI zeolites by desilication. J. Phys. Chem. B 108(35), 13062-13065.
[21] Groen, J.C., Moulijn, J.A., Pérez-Ramírez, J., 2006. Desilication: on the controlled generation of mesoporosity in MFI zeolites. J. Mater. Chem. 16(22), 2121-2131.
[22] Groen, J.C., Zhu, W., Brouwer, S., Huynink, S.J., Kapteijn, F., Moulijn, J.A., Pérez-Ramírez, J., 2007. Direct demonstration of enhanced diffusion in mesoporous ZSM-5 zeolite obtained via controlled desilication. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 129(2), 355-360.
[23] Hernando, H., Moreno, I., Fermoso, J., Ochoa-Hernández, C., Pizarro, P., Coronado, J.M., Čejka, J., Serrano, D.P., 2017. Biomass catalytic fast pyrolysis over hierarchical ZSM-5 and Beta zeolites modified with Mg and Zn oxides. Biomass Convers. Biorefin. 7(3), 289-304.
[24] Hoff, T.C., Gardner, D.W., Thilakaratne, R., Proano-Aviles, J., Brown, R.C., Tessonnier, J.-P., 2017. Elucidating the effect of desilication on aluminum-rich ZSM-5 zeolite and its consequences on biomass catalytic fast pyrolysis. Appl. Catal. A-Gen. 529, 68-78.
[25] Huber, G.W., Iborra, S., Corma, A., 2006. Synthesis of transportation fuels from biomass: chemistry, catalysts, and engineering. Chem. Rev. 106(9), 4044-4098.
[26] Hunns, J.A., Arroyo, M., Lee, A.F., Serrano, D., Wilson, K., 2016. Hierarchical mesoporous Pd/ZSM-5 for the selective catalytic hydrodeoxygenation of m-cresol to methylcyclohexane. Catal. Sci. Technol. 6(8), 2560-2564.
[27] Ibarra-Gonzalez, P., Rong, B.-G., 2019. A review of the current state of biofuels production from lignocellulosic biomass using thermochemical conversion routes. Chin. J. Chem. Eng. 27(7), 1523-1535.
[28] Iisa, K., French, R.J., Orton, K.A., Yung, M.M., Johnson, D.K., ten Dam, J., Watson, M.J., Nimlos, M.R., 2016. In situ and ex situ catalytic pyrolysis of pine in a bench-scale fluidized bed reactor system. Energ. Fuel. 30(3), 2144-2157.
[29] Jae, J., Tompsett, G.A., Foster, A.J., Hammond, K.D., Auerbach, S.M., Lobo, R.F., Huber, G.W., 2011. Investigation into the shape selectivity of zeolite catalysts for biomass conversion. J. Catal. 279(2), 257-268.
[30] Jia, L., Raad, M., Hamieh, S., Toufaily, J., Hamieh, T., Bettahar, M., Mauviel, G., Tarrighi, M., Pinard, L., Dufour, A., 2017. Catalytic fast pyrolysis of biomass: superior selectivity of hierarchical zeolites to aromatics. Green Chem. 19(22), 5442-5459.
[31] Jia, Y., Wang, J., Zhang, K., Chen, G., Yang, Y., Liu, S., Ding, C., Meng, Y., Liu, P., 2018. Hierarchical ZSM-5 zeolite synthesized via dry gel conversion-steam assisted crystallization process and its application in aromatization of methanol. Powder Technol. 328, 415-429.
[32] Khan, W., Jia, X., Wu, Z., Choi, J., Yip, A.C., 2019. Incorporating hierarchy into conventional zeolites for catalytic biomass conversions: A review. Catalysts 9(2), 127.
[33] Kim, Y.H., Lee, K.H., Nam, C.M., Lee, J.S., 2012. Formation of hierarchical pore structures in Zn/ZSM‐5 to improve the catalyst stability in the aromatization of branched olefins. ChemCatChem 4(8), 1143-1153.
[34] Kumar, R., Strezov, V., Lovell, E., Kan, T., Weldekidan, H., He, J., Jahan, S., Dastjerdi, B., Scott, J., 2019. Enhanced bio-oil deoxygenation activity by Cu/zeolite and Ni/zeolite catalysts in combined in-situ and ex-situ biomass pyrolysis. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis 140, 148-160.
[35] Li, B., Ou, L., Dang, Q., Meyer, P., Jones, S., Brown, R., Wright, M., 2015. Techno-economic and uncertainty analysis of in situ and ex situ fast pyrolysis for biofuel production. Bioresour. Technol. 196, 49-56.
[36] Li, J., Li, X., Zhou, G., Wang, W., Wang, C., Komarneni, S., Wang, Y., 2014a. Catalytic fast pyrolysis of biomass with mesoporous ZSM-5 zeolites prepared by desilication with NaOH solutions. Appl. Catal. A-Gen. 470, 115-122.
[37] Li, K., Valla, J., Garcia-Martinez, J., 2014b. Realizing the commercial potential of hierarchical zeolites: new opportunities in catalytic cracking. ChemCatChem 6(1), 46-66.
[38] Li, X., Zhang, X., Shao, S., Dong, L., Zhang, J., Hu, C., Cai, Y., 2018. Catalytic upgrading of pyrolysis vapor from rape straw in a vacuum pyrolysis system over La/HZSM-5 with hierarchical structure. Bioresour. Technol. 259, 191-197.
[39] Li, Z., Zhong, Z., Zhang, B., Wang, W., Seufitelli, G.V., Resende, F.L., 2020. Catalytic fast co-pyrolysis of waste greenhouse plastic films and rice husk using hierarchical micro-mesoporous composite molecular sieve. Waste Manage. 102, 561-568.
[40] Li, Z., Zhong, Z., Zhang, B., Wang, W., Wu, W., 2019. Catalytic fast pyrolysis of rice husk over hierarchical micro-mesoporous composite molecular sieve: analytical Py-GC/MS study. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis 138, 103-113.
[41] Liang, J., Morgan Jr, H.M., Liu, Y., Shi, A., Lei, H., Mao, H., Bu, Q., 2017. Enhancement of bio-oil yield and selectivity and kinetic study of catalytic pyrolysis of rice straw over transition metal modified ZSM-5 catalyst. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis 128, 324-334.
[42] Liu, C., Wang, H., Karim, A.M., Sun, J., Wang, Y., 2014. Catalytic fast pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass. Chem. Soc. Rev. 43(22), 7594-7623.
[43] Mihalcik, D.J., Mullen, C.A., Boateng, A.A., 2011. Screening acidic zeolites for catalytic fast pyrolysis of biomass and its components. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis 92(1), 224-232.
[44] Mondal, A.K., Qin, C., Ragauskas, A.J., Ni, Y., Huang, F., 2020. Conversion of Loblolly pine biomass residues to bio-oil in a two-step process: Fast pyrolysis in the presence of zeolite and catalytic hydrogenation. Ind. Crops Prod. 148, 112318.
[45] Mullen, C.A., Tarves, P.C., Raymundo, L.M., Schultz, E.L., Boateng, A.A., Trierweiler, J.O., 2018. Fluidized bed catalytic pyrolysis of eucalyptus over HZSM-5: effect of acid density and gallium modification on catalyst deactivation. Energ. Fuel. 32(2), 1771-1778.
[46] Murugappan, K., Mukarakate, C., Budhi, S., Shetty, M., Nimlos, M.R., Román-Leshkov, Y., 2016. Supported molybdenum oxides as effective catalysts for the catalytic fast pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass. Green Chem. 18(20), 5548-5557.
[47] Neumann, G.T., Hicks, J.C., 2012a. Effects of cerium and aluminum in cerium-containing hierarchical HZSM-5 catalysts for biomass upgrading. Top. Catal. 55(3-4), 196-208.
[48] Neumann, G.T., Hicks, J.C., 2012b. Novel hierarchical cerium-incorporated MFI zeolite catalysts for the catalytic fast pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass. ACS Catal. 2(4), 642-646.
[49] Olarte, M.V., Padmaperuma, A.B., Ferrell III, J.R., Christensen, E.D., Hallen, R.T., Lucke, R.B., Burton, S.D., Lemmon, T.L., Swita, M.S., Fioroni, G., 2017. Characterization of upgraded fast pyrolysis oak oil distillate fractions from sulfided and non-sulfided catalytic hydrotreating. Fuel 202, 620-630.
[50] Önal, E., Uzun, B.B., Pütün, A.E., 2014. Bio-oil production via co-pyrolysis of almond shell as biomass and high density polyethylene. Energy Convers. Manag. 78, 704-710.
[51] Primo, A., Garcia, H., 2014. Zeolites as catalysts in oil refining. Chem. Soc. Rev. 43(22), 7548-7561.
[52] Puértolas, B., García-Andújar, L., García, T., Navarro, M., Mitchell, S., Pérez-Ramírez, J., 2014. Bifunctional Cu/H-ZSM-5 zeolite with hierarchical porosity for hydrocarbon abatement under cold-start conditions. Appl. Catal. B-Environ. 154, 161-170.
[53] Puértolas, B., Veses, A., Callén, M.S., Mitchell, S., García, T., Pérez‐Ramírez, J., 2015. Porosity–acidity interplay in hierarchical ZSM‐5 zeolites for pyrolysis oil valorization to aromatics. ChemSusChem 8(19), 3283-3293.
[54] Pyl, S.P., Hou, Z., Van Geem, K.M., Reyniers, M.F., Marin, G.B., Klein, M.T., 2011. Modeling the composition of crude oil fractions using constrained homologous series. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 50(18), 10850-10858.
[55] Qiao, K., Shi, X., Zhou, F., Chen, H., Fu, J., Ma, H., Huang, H., 2017. Catalytic fast pyrolysis of cellulose in a microreactor system using hierarchical zsm-5 zeolites treated with various alkalis. Appl. Catal. A-Gen. 547, 274-282.
[56] Qiao, K., Zhou, F., Han, Z., Fu, J., Ma, H., Wu, G., 2019. Synthesis and physicochemical characterization of hierarchical ZSM-5: effect of organosilanes on the catalyst properties and performance in the catalytic fast pyrolysis of biomass. Microporous Mesoporous Mater. 274, 190-197.
[57] Ren, X.Y., Cao, J.P., Zhao, X.Y., Yang, Z., Liu, S.N., Wei, X.Y., 2018. Enhancement of aromatic products from catalytic fast pyrolysis of lignite over hierarchical HZSM-5 by piperidine-assisted desilication. ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. 6(2), 1792-1802.
[58] Serrano, D.P., Escola, J.M., Pizarro, P., 2013. Synthesis strategies in the search for hierarchical zeolites. Chem. Soc. Rev. 42(9), 4004-4035.
[59] Shao, S., Zhang, H., Shen, D., Xiao, R., 2016. Enhancement of hydrocarbon production and catalyst stability during catalytic conversion of biomass pyrolysis-derived compounds over hierarchical HZSM-5. RSC Adv. 6(50), 44313-44320.
[60] Shi, Y., Xing, E., Wu, K., Wang, J., Yang, M., Wu, Y., 2017. Recent progress on upgrading of bio-oil to hydrocarbons over metal/zeolite bifunctional catalysts. Catal. Sci. Technol. 7(12), 2385-2415.
[61] Soltanian, S., Aghbashlo, M., Almasi, F., Hosseinzadeh-Bandbafha, H., Nizami, A.-S., Ok, Y.S., Lam, S.S., Tabatabaei, M., 2020. A critical review of the effects of pretreatment methods on the exergetic aspects of lignocellulosic biofuels. Energy Convers. Manag. 212, 112792.
[62] Soltanian, S., Aghbashlo, M., Farzad, S., Tabatabaei, M., Mandegari, M., Görgens, J.F., 2019. Exergoeconomic analysis of lactic acid and power cogeneration from sugarcane residues through a biorefinery approach. Renew. Energy 143, 872-889.
[63] Stanton, A.R., Iisa, K., Mukarakate, C., Nimlos, M.R., 2018. Role of biopolymers in the deactivation of ZSM-5 during catalytic fast pyrolysis of biomass. ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. 6(8), 10030-10038.
[64] Sun, L., Zhang, X., Chen, L., Zhao, B., Yang, S., Xie, X., 2016. Comparision of catalytic fast pyrolysis of biomass to aromatic hydrocarbons over ZSM-5 and Fe/ZSM-5 catalysts. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis 121, 342-346.
[65] Svelle, S., Sommer, L., Barbera, K., Vennestrøm, P.N., Olsbye, U., Lillerud, K.P., Bordiga, S., Pan, Y.-H., Beato, P., 2011. How defects and crystal morphology control the effects of desilication. Catal. Today 168(1), 38-47.
[66] Tabatabaei, M., Soltanian, S., Aghbashlo, M., Nizami, A.-S., 2019. Fast pyrolysis of biomass: Advances in science and technology: A book review. J Clean. Prod. 213, 1411-1413.
[67] Tan, Y., Abdullah, A., Hameed, B., 2018. Catalytic fast pyrolysis of durian rind using silica-alumina catalyst: Effects of pyrolysis parameters. Bioresour. Technol. 264, 198-205.
[68] Tang, S., Zhang, C., Xue, X., Pan, Z., Wang, D., Zhang, R., 2019. Catalytic pyrolysis of lignin over hierarchical HZSM-5 zeolites prepared by post-treatment with alkaline solutions. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis 137, 86-95.
[69] Veses, A., Puértolas, B.a., López, J.M., Callén, M.S., Solsona, B., García, T., 2016. Promoting deoxygenation of bio-oil by metal-loaded hierarchical ZSM-5 zeolites. ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. 4(3), 1653-1660.
[70] Wang, F., Zhou, M.-x., Yang, X.-h., Gao, L.-j., Xiao, G.-m., 2017. The effect of hierarchical pore architecture on one-step catalytic aromatization of glycerol: Reaction routes and catalytic performances. Mol. Catal. 432, 144-154.
[71] Wang, J., Zhong, Z., Ding, K., Zhang, B., Deng, A., Min, M., Chen, P., Ruan, R., 2017. Successive desilication and dealumination of HZSM-5 in catalytic conversion of waste cooking oil to produce aromatics. Energy Convers. Manag. 147, 100-107.
[72] Wang, W., Luo, Z., Li, S., Xue, S., Sun, H., 2020. Novel micro-mesoporous composite ZSM-5 catalyst for aromatics production by catalytic fast pyrolysis of lignin residues. Catalysts 10(4), 378.
[73] Xiao, W., Wang, F., Xiao, G., 2015. Performance of hierarchical HZSM-5 zeolites prepared by NaOH treatments in the aromatization of glycerol. RSC Adv. 5(78), 63697-63704.
[74] Zang, Y., Dong, X., Ping, D., Geng, J., Dang, H., 2018. Green routes for the synthesis of hierarchical HZSM-5 zeolites with low SiO2/Al2O3 ratios for enhanced catalytic performance. Catal. Commun. 113, 51-54.
[75] Zhang, B., Zhang, J., Zhong, Z., Zhang, Y., Song, M., Wang, X., Ding, K., Ruan, R., 2018a. Conversion of poultry litter into bio-oil by microwave-assisted catalytic fast pyrolysis using microwave absorbent and hierarchical ZSM-5/MCM-41 catalyst. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis 130, 233-240.
[76] Zhang, B., Zhong, Z., Li, T., Xue, Z., Wang, X., Ruan, R., 2018b. Biofuel production from distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) co-fed with waste agricultural plastic mulching films via microwave-assisted catalytic fast pyrolysis using microwave absorbent and hierarchical ZSM-5/MCM-41 catalyst. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis 130, 1-7.
[77] Zhang, J., Choi, Y.S., Shanks, B.H., 2016. Catalytic deoxygenation during cellulose fast pyrolysis using acid–base bifunctional catalysis. Catal. Sci. Technol. 6(20), 7468-7476.
[78] Zhang, Z., Cheng, H., Chen, H., Chen, K., Lu, X., Ouyang, P., Fu, J., 2018a. Enhancement in the aromatic yield from the catalytic fast pyrolysis of rice straw over hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide modified hierarchical HZSM-5. Bioresour. Technol. 256, 241-246.
[79] Zhang, Z., Cheng, H., Chen, H., Li, J., Chen, K., Lu, X., Ouyang, P., Fu, J., 2018b. Catalytic fast pyrolysis of rice straw to aromatics over hierarchical HZSM-5 treated with different organosilanes. Energ. Fuel. 33(1), 307-312.
[80] Zhou, J., Hua, Z., Liu, Z., Wu, W., Zhu, Y., Shi, J., 2011. Direct synthetic strategy of mesoporous ZSM-5 zeolites by using conventional block copolymer templates and the improved catalytic properties. ACS Catal. 1(4), 287-291.
Biofuel Research Journal
Volume 7, Issue 3 - Serial Number 3
Summer 2020
Pages 1217-1234