Bio-oil hydrodeoxygenation over acid activated-zeolite with different Si/Al ratio

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Cellulosic and Functional Materials Research Centre, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Jl. Bioteknologi No. 1, Medan 20155, Indonesia.

2 Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Jl. Bioteknologi No. 1, Medan 20155, Indonesia.

3 Cellulosic and Functional Materials Research Centre, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Jl. Bioteknologi No. 1, Medan 20155, Indonesia.Utara. Jalan Almamater Komplek USU Medan, 20155, Indonesia

4 Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Jl. Almamater Komplek USU, Medan 20155, Indonesia.

5 Department of Chemistry, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia.

6 Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Negeri Medan, Jl. Willem Iskandar Pasar V Medan Estate, Medan 20221, Indonesia.

Abstract

Bio-oil includes significant levels of oxygenate molecules, which might induce component instability and reduce its physicochemical qualities. To counteract this, the component must undergo a hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) reaction. Due to the presence of acidic active sites, zeolites have been shown to have high hydrogenation and deoxygenation capabilities. However, natural zeolite has a large number of impurities and low acidity density. Consequently, before being employed as an HDO catalyst, pretreatments such as preparation and activation are required. In this study, the catalyst used was an active natural zeolite whose acidity level varied depending on the Si/Al ratio after dealumination with 3, 5, and 7 M hydrochloric acid, proceeded by calcination with nitrogen gas flow (designated as Z3, Z5, and Z7, respectively). The results showed that dealumination and calcination of zeolite generally caused changes in its physical characteristics and components. The Z5 catalyst showed the best catalytic performance in the HDO process of bio-oil. The higher heating value (HHV) of bio-oil increased from 12 to 18 MJ/kg, the viscosity value doubled, the degree of deoxygenation increased to 77%, and the water content reduced dramatically to about one-third of that of raw bio-oil. Moreover, control compounds, such as carboxylic acids, decreased slightly, but the amount of phenol increased to about twice the content in raw bio-oil.

Graphical Abstract

Bio-oil hydrodeoxygenation over acid activated-zeolite with different Si/Al ratio

Highlights

  • Dealumination with various acid concentrations led to different physical characteristics.
  • Dealumination improved the catalytic activity of zeolite in hydrodeoxygenation (HDO).
  • HDO-upgraded bio-oil had an increased HHV and decreased water content.
  • Dealuminated zeolite with 5 M HCl produced the most optimal bio-oil.
  • Hydrodeoxygenation of oxygenate compounds correlated with increasing phenol in bio-oil.

Keywords

References

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