Biofuel Research Journal

Biofuel Research Journal

The role of semi-artificial photosynthetic systems in energy and environmental solutions: a critical review

Document Type : Review Paper

Authors
Shenggeng Zhao 1
Qiang Liu 1
Yeqing Li 1, 2
Lu Feng 3
Shanfei Fu 4
Mahmoud Mazarji 5
Junting Pan 5
1 State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, Beijing Key Laboratory of Biogas Upgrading Utilization, College of New Energy and Materials, China University of Petroleum Beijing (CUPB), Beijing 102249, China.
2 Shandong Institute of Petroleum and Chemical Technology, Carbon Neutrality Research Institute, Dongying 257061, China.
3 NIBIO, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, P.O. Box 115, N-1431 Ås, Norway.
4 Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, NO. 189 Songling Road, Qingdao 266101, China.
5 State Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Arid and Semi-arid Arable Land in Northern China, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
10.18331/BRJ2024.11.2.3
Abstract
Creatively integrating synthetic materials (semiconductors and electrodes) and microorganisms, the semi-artificial photosynthetic system (SAPS) couples the advantages of natural photosystems (high catalytic reaction selectivity) and artificial photosystems (excellent light-harvesting performance). This combination effectively overcomes the shortcomings of poor selectivity in artificial photosystems, bringing new opportunities for developing photosynthetic systems. It also provides a promising strategy for addressing the current energy crisis and environmental pollution. The design and selection of synthetic materials play a crucial role in this system, aiming to achieve efficient photon capture and electron transfer. This review begins by exploring the fundamental principles of SAPS, emphasizing the integration of materials and microorganisms and the factors that influence their interactions. It provides a critical analysis of the diverse compositional arrangements and systematically elucidates the foundational research methodologies employed in the investigation of SAPS. Grounded in their distinctive redox characteristics, it comprehensively surveys their recent applications in environmental remediation and sustainable energy production over the past years. Finally, reflections on future research are proposed, beginning with the challenges that limit the application of SAPS. Building on previous studies, the present review identifies the factors that limit SAPS and suggests potential avenues for future research. Additionally, this review delves into the environmental and economic policies and practical implications. In conclusion, by critically assessing the existing research landscape, delineating challenges, and charting future research directions, the present review aims to provide valuable insights for researchers and practitioners, guiding efforts toward advancing SAPS for enhanced environmental sustainability and economic feasibility.

Graphical Abstract

The role of semi-artificial photosynthetic systems in energy and environmental solutions: a critical review

Highlights

  • Semi-artificial photosynthetic systems (SAPS) enhance photosynthesis efficiency by synthetic-microorganism integration.
  • Combining natural selectivity, SAPS offers superior light harvesting capability.
  • SAPS can be used for environmental remediation and renewable energy generation.
  • Synthetic materials play a crucial role in photon capture and transfer in SAPS.

Keywords
Semi-artificial photosynthetic systems
Microorganisms
Photocatalysts
Electron transfer
Energy conversion
Environmental remediation
  1. Alkhadra, M.A., Su, X., Suss, M.E., Tian, H., Guyes, E.N., Shocron, A.N., Conforti, K.M., de Souza, J.P., Kim, N., Tedesco, M., Khoiruddin, K., Wenten, I.G., Santiago, J.G., Hatton, T.A., Bazant, M.Z., 2022. Electrochemical methods for water purification, ion separations, and energy conversion. Chem. Rev. 122(16), 13547-13635.
  2. Asgari, S., Mohammadi Ziarani, G., Badiei, A., Ajalloueian, F., Vasseghian, Y., 2022. Electrospun composite nanofibers as novel high-performance and visible-light photocatalysts for removal of environmental pollutants: a review. Environ. Res. 215, 114296.
  3. Blankenship, R.E., Tiede, D.M., Barber, J., Brudvig, G.W., Fleming, G., Ghirardi, M., Gunner, M.R., Junge, W., Kramer, D.M., Melis, A., Moore, T.A., Moser, C.C., Nocera, D.G., Nozik, A.J., Ort, D.R., Parson, W.W., Prince, R.C., Sayre, R.T., 2011. Comparing photosynthetic and photovoltaic efficiencies and recognizing the potential for improvement. Science. 332(6031), 805-809.
  4. Bo, C., Liu, J., Zhang, Y., Chang, H., Zhang, X., Liu, X., Chen, C., Piao, L., 2023. Effective photocatalytic methane oxidation over the TiO2/methanotrophs system. Nano Today. 52, 101938.
  5. Brown, K.A., King, P.W., 2020. Coupling biology to synthetic nanomaterials for semi-artificial photosynthesis. Photosynth. Res. 143(2), 193-203.
  6. Campbell, B.M., Gordon, J.B., Raguram, E.R., Gonzalez, M.I., Reynolds, K.G., Nava, M., Nocera, D.G., 2024. Electrophotocatalytic perfluoroalkylation by LMCT excitation of Ag(II) perfluoroalkyl carboxylates. Science. 383(6680), 279-284.
  7. Cestellos-Blanco, S., Kim, J.M., Watanabe, N.G., Chan, R.R., Yang, P., 2021. Molecular insights and future frontiers in cell photosensitization for solar-driven CO2 iScience. 24(9), 102952.
  8. Cestellos-Blanco, S., Zhang, H., Kim, J.M., Shen, Y.X., Yang, P., 2020. Photosynthetic semiconductor biohybrids for solar-driven biocatalysis. Nat. Catal. 3(3), 245-255.
  9. Chen, M., Cai, Q., Chen, X., Huang, S., Feng, Q., Majima, T., Zeng, R.J., Zhou, S., 2022a. Anthraquinone-2-sulfonate as a microbial photosensitizer and capacitor drives solar-to-N2O production with a quantum efficiency of almost unity. Environ. Sci. Technol. 56(8), 5161-5169.
  10. Chen, X., Lawrence, J.M., Wey, L.T., Schertel, L., Jing, Q., Vignolini, S., Howe, C.J., Kar-Narayan, S., Zhang, J.Z., 2022b. 3D-printed hierarchical pillar array electrodes for high-performance semi-artificial photosynthesis. Nat. Mater. 21(7), 811-818.
  11. Chen, B., Wang, Z., Jiao, M., Zhang, J., Liu, J., Zhang, D., Li, Y., Wang, G., Ke, H., Cui, Q., Yang, J., Sun, Z., Gu, Q., Wang, X., Wu, J., Wu, L., Zhang, G., Wang, X., Ma, Z., Zhang, Y., 2023a. Lysine 2-hydroxyisobutyrylation- and succinylation-based pathways act inside chloroplasts to modulate plant photosynthesis and immunity. Adv. Sci. 10(27), 2301803.
  12. Chen, S., Chen, J., Zhang, L., Huang, S., Liu, X., Yang, Y., Luan, T., Zhou, S., Nealson, K.H., Rensing, C., 2023b. Biophotoelectrochemical process co-driven by dead microalgae and live bacteria. ISME J. 17(5), 712-719.
  13. Cui, S., Tian, L.J., Li, J., Wang, X.M., Liu, H.Q., Fu, X.Z., He, R.L., Lam, P.K.S., Huang, T.Y., Li, W.W., 2022. Light-assisted fermentative hydrogen production in an intimately-coupled inorganic-bio hybrid with self-assembled nanoparticles. Chem. Eng. J. 428, 131254.
  14. Edwardes Moore, E., Andrei, V., Oliveira, A.R., Coito, A.M., Pereira, I.A.C., Reisner, E., 2021. A Semi-artificial photoelectrochemical tandem leaf with a CO2-to-formate efficiency approaching 1 %. Angew. Chem. 60(50), 26303-26307.
  15. Fang, S., Rahaman, M., Bharti, J., Reisner, E., Robert, M., Ozin, G.A., Hu, Y.H., 2023. Photocatalytic CO2 Nat. Rev. Methods Primers. 3(1), 61.
  16. Fang, X., Kalathil, S., Divitini, G., Wang, Q., Reisner, E., 2020a. A three-dimensional hybrid electrode with electroactive microbes for efficient electrogenesis and chemical synthesis. PNAS. 117(9), 5074-5080.
  17. Fang, X., Kalathil, S., Reisner, E., 2020b. Semi-biological approaches to solar-to-chemical conversion. Chem. Soc. Rev. 49(14), 4926-4952.
  18. Flores, N., Centurion, F., Zheng, J., Baharfar, M., Kilani, M., Ghasemian, M.B., Allioux, F.M., Tang, J., Tang, J., Kalantar-Zadeh, K., Rahim, M.A., 2024. Polyphenol-mediated liquid metal composite architecture for solar thermoelectric generation. Adv. Mater. 36(6), 2308346.
  19. Fu, X.Z., Wu, J., Li, J., Ding, J., Cui, S., Wang, X.M., Wang, Y.J., Liu, H.-Q., Deng, X., Liu, D.F., Li, W.W., 2023. Heavy-metal resistant bio-hybrid with biogenic ferrous sulfide nanoparticles: pH-regulated self-assembly and wastewater treatment application. J. Hazard. Mater. 446, 130667.
  20. Gai, P., Yu, W., Zhao, H., Qi, R., Li, F., Liu, L., Lv, F., Wang, S., 2020. Solar-powered organic semiconductor-bacteria biohybrids for CO2 reduction into acetic acid. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 59(18), 7224-7229.
  21. Gamache, M.T., Charaf, R., Kurth, L., Filmon, D.T., Senger, M., Plumeré, N., Hammarström, L., Berggren, G., 2023. Elucidating electron transfer kinetics and optimizing system performance for Escherichia coli-based semi-artificial H2 ACS Catal. 13(14), 9476-9486.
  22. Gao, F., Liu, G., Chen, A., Hu, Y., Wang, H., Pan, J., Feng, J., Zhang, H., Wang, Y., Min, Y., Gao, C., Xiong, Y., 2023. Artificial photosynthetic cells with biotic–abiotic hybrid energy modules for customized CO2 Nat. Commun. 14(1), 6783.
  23. Gilbert, C., Tang, T.C., Ott, W., Dorr, B.A., Shaw, W.M., Sun, G.L., Lu, T.K., Ellis, T., 2021. Living materials with programmable functionalities grown from engineered microbial co-cultures. Nat. Mater. 20(5), 691-700.
  24. Guirguis, A., Yang, W., Conlan, X.A., Kong, L., Cahill, D.M., Wang, Y., 2023. Boosting plant photosynthesis with carbon dots: a critical review of performance and prospects. Small 19(43), 2300671.
  25. Guo, J., Suástegui, M., Sakimoto, K.K., Moody, V.M., Xiao, G., Nocera, D.G., Joshi, N.S., 2018. Light-driven fine chemical production in yeast biohybrids. Science. 362(6416), 813-816.
  26. Gwon, H.J., Park, G., Yun, J., Ryu, W., Ahn, H.S., 2023. Prolonged hydrogen production by engineered green algae photovoltaic power stations. Nat. Commun. 14(1), 6768.
  27. Hann, E.C., Overa, S., Harland-Dunaway, M., Narvaez, A.F., Le, D.N., Orozco-Cárdenas, M.L., Jiao, F., Jinkerson, R.E., 2022. A hybrid inorganic-biological artificial photosynthesis system for energy-efficient food production. Nat. Food. 3(6), 461-471.
  28. Hu, A., Fu, T., Ren, G., Zhuang, M., Yuan, W., Zhong, S., Zhou, S., 2022a. Sustained biotic-abiotic hybrids methanogenesis enabled using metal-free black phosphorus/carbon nitride. Front. Microbiol. 13.
  29. Hu, A., Ye, J., Ren, G., Qi, Y., Chen, Y., Zhou, S., 2022b. Metal-free semiconductor-based bio-nano hybrids for sustainable CO2-to-CH4 conversion with high quantum yield. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 61(35), e202206508.
  30. Huang, H., Wang, K., Li, S., Liang, K., Dai, J., Jian, J., Li, Y., Liu, H., Xu, H., 2024. Different survival strategies of the phosphate-mineralizing bacterium Enterobacter PMB-5 in response to cadmium stress: biomineralization, biosorption, and bioaccumulation. J. Hazard. Mater. 465, 133284.
  31. Huang, L., Liu, X., Zhang, Z., Ye, J., Rensing, C., Zhou, S., Nealson, K.H., 2022a. Light-driven carbon dioxide reduction to methane by Methanosarcina barkeri in an electric syntrophic coculture. ISME J. 16(2), 370-377.
  32. Huang, S., Chen, M., Diao, Y., Feng, Q., Zeng, R.J., Zhou, S., 2022b. Dissolved organic matter acting as a microbial photosensitizer drives photoelectrotrophic denitrification. Environ. Sci. Technol. 56(7), 4632-4641.
  33. Huang, S., Tang, J., Liu, X., Dong, G., Zhou, S., 2019. Fast light-driven biodecolorization by a Geobacter sulfurreducens-CdS biohybrid. ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng. 7(18), 15427-15433.
  34. Jiang, Z., Xu, X., Ma, Y., Cho, H.S., Ding, D., Wang, C., Wu, J., Oleynikov, P., Jia, M., Cheng, J., Zhou, Y., Terasaki, O., Peng, T., Zan, L., Deng, H., 2020. Filling metal-organic framework mesopores with TiO2 for CO2 Nature 586(7830), 549-554.
  35. Jin, S., Jeon, Y., Jeon, M.S., Shin, J., Song, Y., Kang, S., Bae, J., Cho, S., Lee, J.K., Kim, D.R., Cho, B.-K., 2021. Acetogenic bacteria utilize light-driven electrons as an energy source for autotrophic growth. PNAS. 118(9), e2020552118.
  36. Kang, W., Yu, F., Wang, S., Hu, X., 2022. Marine colloids promote the adaptation of diatoms to nitrate contamination by directional electron transfer. Environ. Sci. Technol. 56(9), 5694-5705.
  37. Kim, J., Cestellos-Blanco, S., Shen, Y.X., Cai, R., Yang, P., 2022. Enhancing biohybrid CO2 to multicarbon reduction via adapted whole-cell catalysts. Nano Lett. 22(13), 5503-5509.
  38. Koh, S., Choi, Y., Lee, I., Kim, G.M., Kim, J., Park, Y.S., Lee, S.Y., Lee, D.C., 2022. Light-driven ammonia production by Azotobacter vinelandii cultured in medium containing colloidal quantum dots. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 144(24), 10798-10808.
  39. Kornienko, N., Sakimoto, K.K., Herlihy, D.M., Nguyen, S.C., Alivisatos, A.P., Harris, C.B., Schwartzberg, A., Yang, P., 2016. Spectroscopic elucidation of energy transfer in hybrid inorganic-biological organisms for solar-to-chemical production. PNAS. 113(42), 11750-11755.
  40. Lam, E., Miller, M., Linley, S., Manuel, R.R., Pereira, I.A.C., Reisner, E., 2023. Comproportionation of CO2 and cellulose to formate using a floating semiconductor-enzyme photoreforming catalyst. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 62(20), e202215894.
  41. Lee, S.H., Choi, D.S., Kuk, S.K., Park, C.B., 2018. Photobiocatalysis: activating redox enzymes by direct or indirect transfer of photoinduced electrons. angew. chem. int. ed. 57(27), 7958-7985.
  42. Li, T., Zhang, K., Song, T.S., Xie, J., 2022. α-Fe2O3/g-C3N4 Z-scheme heterojunction photocathode to enhance microbial electrosynthesis of acetate from CO2. ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng. 10(51), 17308-17317.
  43. Li, W., Wang, Y., Wang, B., Lu, K., Cai, W., Lin, J., Huang, X., Zhang, H., Zhang, X., Liu, Y., Liang, Y., Lei, B., Qu, S., 2024a. Enhanced light-harvesting and energy transfer in carbon dots embedded thylakoids for photonic hybrid capacitor applications. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 63(4), e202308951.
  44. Li, Z., Xue, L., Yang, J., Wuttke, S., He, P., Lei, C., Yang, H., Zhou, L., Cao, J., Sinelshchikova, A., Zheng, G., Guo, J., Lin, J., Lei, Q., Brinker, C.J., Liu, K., Zhu, W., 2024b. Synthetic biohybrids of red blood cells and cascaded-enzymes@metal-organic frameworks for hyperuricemia treatment. Adv. Sci. 11(5), 2305126.
  45. Lin, Y., Shi, J., Feng, W., Yue, J., Luo, Y., Chen, S., Yang, B., Jiang, Y., Hu, H., Zhou, C., Shi, F., Prominski, A., Talapin, D.V., Xiong, W., Gao, X., Tian, B., 2023. Periplasmic biomineralization for semi-artificial photosynthesis. Sci. Adv. 9(29), eadg5858.
  46. Liu, C., Colón, B.C., Ziesack, M., Silver, P.A., Nocera, D.G., 2016. Water splitting-biosynthetic system with CO2 reduction efficiencies exceeding photosynthesis. Science. 352(6290), 1210-1213.
  47. Liu, G., Gao, F., Gao, C., Xiong, Y., 2021. Bioinspiration toward efficient photosynthetic systems: from biohybrids to biomimetics. Chem Catalysis. 1(7), 1367-1377.
  48. Liu, G., Gao, F., Zhang, H., Wang, L., Gao, C., Xiong, Y., 2023a. Biosynthetic CdS-Thiobacillus thioparus hybrid for solar-driven carbon dioxide fixation. Nano Res. 16(4), 4531-4538.
  49. Liu, J., Guo, X., He, L., Jiang, L.P., Zhou, Y., Zhu, J.J., 2023b. Enhanced photocatalytic CO2 reduction on biomineralized CdS via an electron conduit in bacteria. Nanoscale. 15(25), 10755-10762.
  50. Liu, P., Chang, Y., Ren, X., Liu, T., Meng, H., Ru, X., Bai, Z., Yang, L., Ma, X., 2023c. Endowing cells with unnatural photocatalytic ability for sustainable chemicals production by bionic minerals-triggering. Green Chem. 25(1), 431-438.
  51. Liu, Q., Chen, S., Zhang, H., Feng, L., Zhou, H., Pan, J., Li, Y., Xu, C., 2023d. N-doped carbon quantum dots enhance anaerobic digestion under light condition: the performances and potential mechanisms. Chem. Eng. J. 475, 146359.
  52. Liu, Q., Xu, Y., Li, Y., Ma, C., Chen, S., Feng, L., Xu, Q., Pan, J., Peng, B., Zhou, H., Xu, C., 2023e. Carbon quantum dots in-situ relieve humic acids inhibition on methanogens while significantly increasing the abundance of Methanosarcinaceae. J. Cleaner Prod. 419, 138258.
  53. Lu, L., Sun, M., Wu, T., Lu, Q., Chen, B., Chan, C.H., Wong, H.H., Huang, B., 2023. Progress on single-atom photocatalysts for H2 generation: material design, catalytic mechanism, and perspectives. Small Methods. 7(11), 2300430.
  54. Luo, B., Wang, Y.Z., Li, D., Shen, H., Xu, L.X., Fang, Z., Xia, Z., Ren, J., Shi, W., Yong, Y.C., 2021. A periplasmic photosensitized biohybrid system for solar hydrogen production. Adv. Energy Mater. 11(19), 2100256.
  55. Lv, X., Huang, W., Gao, Y., Chen, R., Chen, X., Liu, D., Weng, L., He, L., Liu, S., 2024. Boosting solar hydrogen production via electrostatic interaction mediated E. coli-TiO2-x biohybrid system. Nano Res. 17, 4390-5398.
  56. Matsuo, R., Takahashi, Y., Watanabe, S., Okabe, S., 2023. Fabrication of ZnO/CuO nanoforests and their applicability to microbial photoelectrochemical cells. Appl. Catal. B Environ. 339, 123097.
  57. McBee, R.M., Lucht, M., Mukhitov, N., Richardson, M., Srinivasan, T., Meng, D., Chen, H., Kaufman, A., Reitman, M., Munck, C., Schaak, D., Voigt, C., Wang, H.H., 2022. Engineering living and regenerative fungal-bacterial biocomposite structures. Nat. Mater. 21(4), 471-478.
  58. Mutalik, C., Okoro, G., Krisnawati, D.I., Jazidie, A., Rahmawati, E.Q., Rahayu, D., Hsu, W.T., Kuo, T.R., 2022. Copper sulfide with morphology-dependent photodynamic and photothermal antibacterial activities. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 607, 1825-1835.
  59. Nawrocki, W.J., Jones, M.R., Frese, R.N., Croce, R., Friebe, V.M., 2023. In situ time-resolved spectroelectrochemistry reveals limitations of biohybrid photoelectrode performance. Joule. 7(3), 529-544.
  60. Neu, J., Shipps, C.C., Guberman-Pfeffer, M.J., Shen, C., Srikanth, V., Spies, J.A., Kirchhofer, N.D., Yalcin, S.E., Brudvig, G.W., Batista, V.S., Malvankar, N.S., 2022. Microbial biofilms as living photoconductors due to ultrafast electron transfer in cytochrome OmcS nanowires. Commun. 13(1), 5150.
  61. Okoro, G., Husain, S., Saukani, M., Mutalik, C., Yougbaré, S., Hsiao, Y.C., Kuo, T.R., 2023. Emerging trends in nanomaterials for photosynthetic biohybrid systems. ACS Mater. Lett. 5(1), 95-115.
  62. Ou, W., Ye, X., Zhou, Y., 2023. Recent advances in Ni (oxy) hydroxides and Ni sulfides catalysts for oxygen evolution reactions. Coord. Chem. Rev. 493, 215274.
  63. Pan, X., Li, W., Fang, Y., Zhang, H., Xiao, Y., Molokeev, M., Ping Jiang, S., Liu, Y., Lei, B., 2023. Semi-artificial photosynthetic system based on TiO2/Chlorophyll composite and microalgae for N2 Chem. Eng. J. 475, 146179.
  64. Paoli, L., Ruscheweyh, H.-J., Forneris, C.C., Hubrich, F., Kautsar, S., Bhushan, A., Lotti, A., Clayssen, Q., Salazar, G., Milanese, A., Carlström, C.I., Papadopoulou, C., Gehrig, D., Karasikov, M., Mustafa, H., Larralde, M., Carroll, L.M., Sánchez, P., Zayed, A.A., Cronin, D.R., Acinas, S.G., Bork, P., Bowler, C., Delmont, T.O., Gasol, J.M., Gossert, A.D., Kahles, A., Sullivan, M.B., Wincker, P., Zeller, G., Robinson, S.L., Piel, J., Sunagawa, S., 2022. Biosynthetic potential of the global ocean microbiome. Nature. 607(7917), 111-118.
  65. Park, J.H., Lee, S.H., Cha, G.S., Choi, D.S., Nam, D.H., Lee, J.H., Lee, J.K., Yun, C.H., Jeong, K.J., Park, C.B., 2015. Cofactor-free light-driven whole-cell cytochrome P450 catalysis. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 127(3), 969-973.
  66. Pavliuk, M.V., Lorenzi, M., Morado, D.R., Gedda, L., Wrede, S., Mejias, S.H., Liu, A., Senger, M., Glover, S., Edwards, K., Berggren, G., Tian, H., 2022. Polymer dots as photoactive membrane vesicles for [FeFe]-Hydrogenase self-assembly and solar-driven hydrogen evolution. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 144(30), 13600-13611.
  67. Pi, S., Yang, W., Feng, W., Yang, R., Chao, W., Cheng, W., Cui, L., Li, Z., Lin, Y., Ren, N., Yang, C., Lu, L., Gao, X., 2023. Solar-driven waste-to-chemical conversion by wastewater-derived semiconductor biohybrids. Nat. Sustainability. 6(12), 1673-1684.
  68. Sahoo, P.C., Pant, D., Kumar, M., Puri, S.K., Ramakumar, S.S.V., 2020. Material-microbe interfaces for solar-driven CO2 Trends Biotechnol. 38(11), 1245-1261.
  69. Sakimoto, K.K., Wong, A.B., Yang, P., 2016. Self-photosensitization of nonphotosynthetic bacteria for solar-to-chemical production. Science. 351(6268), 74-77.
  70. Shen, J., Liu, Y., Qiao, L., 2023. Photodriven chemical synthesis by whole-cell-based biohybrid systems: from system construction to mechanism study. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 15(5), 6235-6259.
  71. Shi, S., Zeng, C., Si, T., Wang, B., Wong, P.K., 2022. Photobiocatalytic solar fuel and solar chemical conversion: sufficient activity and better selectivity. ACS EST Engg. 2(6), 989-1000.
  72. Su, Y., Cestellos-Blanco, S., Kim, J.M., Shen, Y.-X., Kong, Q., Lu, D., Liu, C., Zhang, H., Cao, Y., Yang, P., 2020. Close-packed nanowire-bacteria hybrids for efficient solar-driven CO2 Joule. 4(4), 800-811.
  73. Sun, J., Zhang, Z., Wang, H., Rogers, M.J., Guo, H., He, J., 2022. Exploration of the biotransformation of phenanthrene degradation coupled with methanogensis by metabolites and enzyme analyses. Environ. Pollut. 293, 118491.
  74. Turner, J.M., 2022. The matter of a clean energy future. Science. 376(6600), 1361.
  75. Wang, C., Chen, L., Zhu, J., Wang, C., Li, M., Miao, Y., Liu, N., Ji, Z., Pan, F., Liu, Y., Zhu, J., Yang, Y., Chen, Q., 2024. Programmable bacteria-based biohybrids as living biotherapeutics for enhanced cancer sonodynamic-immunotherapy. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2316092.
  76. Wang, C., Yu, J., Ren, G., Hu, A., Liu, X., Chen, Y., Ye, J., Zhou, S., He, Z., 2022a. Self-replicating biophotoelectrochemistry system for sustainable CO methanation. Environ. Sci. Technol. 56(7), 4587-4596.
  77. Wang, H., Le, Y., Sun, J., 2022b. Light-driven bio-decolorization of triphenylmethane dyes by a Clostridium thermocellum-CdS biohybrid. J. Hazard. Mater. 431, 128596.
  78. Wang, Q., Kalathil, S., Pornrungroj, C., Sahm, C.D., Reisner, E., 2022c. Bacteria-photocatalyst sheet for sustainable carbon dioxide utilization. Nat. Catal. 5(7), 633-641.
  79. Wang, X., Zhang, J., Li, K., An, B., Wang, Y., Zhong, C., 2022d. Photocatalyst-mineralized biofilms as living bio-abiotic interfaces for single enzyme to whole-cell photocatalytic applications. Sci. Adv. 8(18), eabm7665.
  80. Wang, L., Shi, S., Liang, J., Wang, B., Xing, X., Zeng, C., 2023a. Semiconductor augmented hydrogen and polyhydroxybutyrate photosynthesis from Rhodospirillum rubrum and a mechanism study. Green Chem. 25(16), 6336-6344.
  81. Wang, M., Zhou, H., Wang, F., 2023b. Photocatalytic production of syngas from biomass. Acc. Chem. Res. 56(9), 1057-1069.
  82. Wang, S., Li, M.H., Zhang, Y., Jiang, Y., Xu, L., Wang, F., Hu, J.S., 2023c. Surface n-type band bending for stable inverted CsPbI3 perovskite solar cells with over 20% efficiency. Energy Environ. Sci. 16(6), 2572-2578.
  83. Wang, W., Song, S., Wang, P., He, M., Fang, Z., Yuan, X., Li, H., Li, C., Wang, X., Wei, Y., Song, W., Xu, H., Li, Z., 2023d. Chemical bonding of g-C3N4/UiO-66(Zr/Ce) from Zr and Ce single atoms for efficient photocatalytic reduction of CO2 under visible light. ACS Catal. 13(7), 4597-4610.
  84. Weliwatte, N.S., Minteer, S.D., 2021. Photo-bioelectrocatalytic CO2 reduction for a circular energy landscape. Joule. 5(10), 2564-2592.
  85. Wen, N., Jiang, Q., Cui, J., Zhu, H., Ji, B., Liu, D., 2022. Intracellular InP quantum dots facilitate the conversion of carbon dioxide to value-added chemicals in non-photosynthetic bacteria. Nano Today. 47, 101681.
  86. Wu, D., Zhang, W., Fu, B., Zhang, Z., 2022. Living intracellular inorganic-microorganism biohybrid system for efficient solar hydrogen generation. Joule. 6(10), 2293-2303.
  87. Wu, C., Lv, K., Li, X., Li, Q., 2023a. Dual cocatalysts for photocatalytic hydrogen evolution: categories, synthesis, and design considerations. Chin. J. Catal. 54, 137-160.
  88. Wu, N., Xing, M., Li, Y., Xu, Q., Li, K., 2023b. Recent advances in microbe-photocatalyst hybrid systems for production of bulk chemicals: a review. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 195(2), 1574-1588.
  89. Xiang, Y., Lan, J., Dong, Y., Zhou, M., Hou, H., Huang, B.T., 2024. Pollution control performance of solidified nickel-cobalt tailings on site: bioavailability of heavy metals and microbial response. J. Hazard. Mater. 471, 134295.
  90. Xiao, K., Liang, J., Wang, X., Hou, T., Ren, X., Yin, P., Ma, Z., Zeng, C., Gao, X., Yu, T., Si, T., Wang, B., Zhong, C., Jiang, Z., Lee, C.S., Yu, J.C.M., Wong, P.K., 2022. Panoramic insights into semi-artificial photosynthesis: origin, development, and future perspective. Energy Environ. Sci. 15(2), 529-549.
  91. Xiong, J., Cao, Y., Zhao, H., Chen, J., Cai, X., Li, X., Liu, Y., Xiao, H., Ge, J., 2022. Cooperative antibacterial enzyme-Ag-polymer nanocomposites. ACS Nano. 16(11), 19013-19024.
  92. Xiong, Y., Li, B., Gu, Y., Yan, T., Ni, Z., Li, S., Zuo, J.L., Ma, J., Jin, Z., 2023. Photocatalytic nitrogen fixation under an ambient atmosphere using a porous coordination polymer with bridging dinitrogen anions. Nat. Chem. 15(2), 286-293.
  93. Xu, M., Tremblay, P.-L., Ding, R., Xiao, J., Wang, J., Kang, Y., Zhang, T., 2021. Photo-augmented PHB production from CO2 or fructose by Cupriavidus necator and shape-optimized CdS nanorods. Sci. Total Environ. 753, 142050.
  94. Yang, P., 2021. Liquid sunlight: the evolution of photosynthetic biohybrids. Nano Lett. 21(13), 5453-5456.
  95. Yang, J., Ju, P., Dong, X., Duan, J., Xiao, H., Tang, X., Zhai, X., Hou, B., 2023a. Green synthesis of functional metallic nanoparticles by dissimilatory metal-reducing bacteria “Shewanella”: a comprehensive review. J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 158, 63-76.
  96. Yang, Y., Liu, L.N., Tian, H., Cooper, A.I., Sprick, R.S., 2023b. Making the connections: physical and electric interactions in biohybrid photosynthetic systems. Energy Environ. Sci. 16(10), 4305-4319.
  97. Ye, J., Chen, Y., Gao, C., Wang, C., Hu, A., Dong, G., Chen, Z., Zhou, S., Xiong, Y., 2022a. Sustainable conversion of microplastics to methane with ultrahigh selectivity by a biotic-abiotic hybrid photocatalytic system. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 61(52), e202213244.
  98. Ye, J., Hu, A., Ren, G., Chen, M., Zhou, S., He, Z., 2021. Biophotoelectrochemistry for renewable energy and environmental applications. iScience. 24(8), 102828.
  99. Ye, J., Wang, C., Gao, C., Fu, T., Yang, C., Ren, G., Lü, J., Zhou, S., Xiong, Y., 2022b. Solar-driven methanogenesis with ultrahigh selectivity by turning down H2 production at biotic-abiotic interface. Commun. 13(1), 6612.
  100. Ye, J., Yu, J., Zhang, Y., Chen, M., Liu, X., Zhou, S., He, Z., 2019. Light-driven carbon dioxide reduction to methane by Methanosarcina barkeri-CdS biohybrid. Appl. Catal. B Environ. 257, 117916.
  101. Yoshino, S., Takayama, T., Yamaguchi, Y., Iwase, A., Kudo, A., 2022. CO2 reduction using water as an electron donor over heterogeneous photocatalysts aiming at artificial photosynthesis. Acc. Chem. Res. 55(7), 966-977.
  102. Yu, J., Huang, L., Tang, Q., Yu, S.B., Qi, Q.Y., Zhang, J., Ma, D., Lei, Y., Su, J., Song, Y., Eloi, J.C., Harniman, R.L., Borucu, U., Zhang, L., Zhu, M., Tian, F., Du, L., Phillips, D.L., Manners, I., Ye, R., Tian, J., 2023. Artificial spherical chromatophore nanomicelles for selective CO2 reduction in water. Nat. Catal. 6(6), 464-475.
  103. Yu, W., Bai, H., Zeng, Y., Zhao, H., Xia, S., Huang, Y., Lv, F., Wang, S., 2022. Solar-driven producing of value-added chemicals with organic semiconductor-bacteria biohybrid system. Research.
  104. Zeng, J.Y., Wang, X.S., Liu, X.H., Li, Q.R., Feng, J., Zhang, X.Z., 2023a. Light-driven biohybrid system utilizes N2 for photochemical CO2 Natl. Sci. Rev. 10(7), nwad142.
  105. Zeng, Y., Bai, H., Yu, W., Xia, S., Shen, Q., Huang, Y., Lv, F., Bazan, G.C., Wang, S., 2023b. Increased nitrogenase activity in solar-driven biohybrids containing non-photosynthetic bacteria and conducting polymers. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 62(30), e202303877.
  106. Zhang, R., He, Y., Yi, J., Zhang, L., Shen, C., Liu, S., Liu, L., Liu, B., Qiao, L., 2020. Proteomic and metabolic elucidation of solar-powered biomanufacturing by bio-abiotic hybrid system. Chem. 6(1), 234-249.
  107. Zhang, W., Li, X., Fu, S., Zhao, X., Feng, X., Fang, J., 2021. Lead-lean and MA-free perovskite solar cells with an efficiency over 20%. Joule. 5(11), 2904-2914.
  108. Zhang, H., Casadevall, C., van Wonderen, J.H., Su, L., Butt, J.N., Reisner, E., Jeuken, L.J.C., 2023a. Rational design of covalent multiheme cytochrome-carbon dot biohybrids for photoinduced electron transfer. Adv. Funct. Mater. 33(40), 2302204.
  109. Zhang, S., Zhang, M., Han, F., Liu, Z., Zhao, C., Lei, J., Zhou, W., 2023b. Enhanced degradation of petroleum in saline soil by nitrogen stimulation and halophilic emulsifying bacteria Bacillus Z-13. J. Hazard. Mater. 459, 132102.
  110. Zhang, L., Wang, Y., 2023. Decoupled artificial photosynthesis. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 62(23), e202219076.
  111. Zhang, K., Li, R., Chen, J., Chai, L., Lin, Z., Zou, L., Shi, Y., 2024. Biohybrids of twinning Cd8Zn0.2S nanoparticles and Sporomusa ovata for efficient solar-driven reduction of CO2 to acetate. Appl. Catal., B. 342, 123375.
  112. Zhao, L., Cai, Q., Mao, B., Mao, J., Dong, H., Xiang, Z., Zhu, J., Paul, R., Wang, D., Long, Y., Qu, L., Yan, R., Dai, L., Hu, C., 2023a. A universal approach to dual-metal-atom catalytic sites confined in carbon dots for various target reactions. PNAS. 120(44), e2308828120.
  113. Zhao, Q., Li, Y., Shen, B., Zhao, Q., Zhu, L., Jiang, L., 2023b. UiO-66-mediated light-driven regeneration of intracellular NADH in Clostridium tyrobutyricum to strengthen butyrate production. ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng. 11(8), 3405-3415.
  114. Zhou, P., Navid, I.A., Ma, Y., Xiao, Y., Wang, P., Ye, Z., Zhou, B., Sun, K., Mi, Z., 2023. Solar-to-hydrogen efficiency of more than 9% in photocatalytic water splitting. Nature. 613(7942), 66-70.
  115. Zhou, X., Zeng, Y., Lv, F., Bai, H., Wang, S., 2022. Organic semiconductor-organism interfaces for augmenting natural and artificial photosynthesis. Acc. Chem. Res. 55(2), 156-170.
  116. Zhou, X., Zhou, L., Zhang, P., Lv, F., Liu, L., Qi, R., Wang, Y., Shen, M.Y., Yu, H.H., Bazan, G., Wang, S., 2019. Conducting polymers-thylakoid hybrid materials for water oxidation and photoelectric conversion. Adv. Electron. Mater. 5(3), 1800789.
  117. Zhu, X., Xu, Z., Tang, H., Nie, L., Nie, R., Wang, R., Liu, X., Huang, X., 2023. Photosynthesis-mediated intracellular biomineralization of gold nanoparticles inside Chlorella cells towards hydrogen boosting under green light. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 62(33), e202308437.
  118. Zuo, W., Yu, Y., Huang, H., 2021. Making waves: microbe-photocatalyst hybrids may provide new opportunities for treating heavy metal polluted wastewater. Water Res. 195, 116984.
Biofuel Research Journal
Volume 11, Issue 2 - Serial Number 2
Spring 2024
Pages 2082-2098